VolumeI

Electrical foundations, circuit analysis, signals & measurement

Start from charge, voltage, current, Ohm and Kirchhoff before moving to network theorems, signals and instruments.

This volume starts at true introductory level. It builds electrical quantities and sign conventions first, then resistive DC networks, Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law, nodal and mesh analysis, sources and superposition. Thévenin/Norton only appears after that foundation, followed by measurement, signals, phasors, AC response and oscilloscope practice.

I

Volume table of contents

Courses are arranged as a reading sequence. Available material opens normally; planned entries remain visible so the intellectual structure is explicit before the library is complete.

  1. 01CourseEF-00Available now

    Charge, potential, voltage, current, energy & power

    1. 1.1Electric charge and conservation
    2. 1.2Electric potential and voltage
    3. 1.3Current as charge flow
    4. 1.4Energy and electrical power
    5. 1.5First physical measurements
  2. 02CourseEF-01Available now

    Reference directions & electrical notation

    1. 2.1Reference directions for voltage and current
    2. 2.2Receiver and generator conventions
    3. 2.3Signs, negative results and physical meaning
    4. 2.4DC, time-domain and harmonic notation
    5. 2.5Reading and drawing circuit variables
  3. 03CourseDC-01Available now

    Ohm’s law & resistive elements

    1. 3.1The resistor and Ohm's law
    2. 3.2Resistance and conductance
    3. 3.3Power dissipated in a resistor
    4. 3.4Linear I-V characteristics
    5. 3.5First one-loop circuits
  4. 04CourseDC-02Available now

    Kirchhoff current & voltage laws

    1. 4.1Nodes, branches and loops
    2. 4.2Kirchhoff's current law (KCL)
    3. 4.3Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)
    4. 4.4Sign discipline in circuit equations
    5. 4.5Conservation laws behind Kirchhoff's laws
  5. 05CourseDC-03Available now

    Series/parallel networks, dividers & equivalent resistance

    1. 5.1Series resistors
    2. 5.2Parallel resistors
    3. 5.3Voltage divider
    4. 5.4Current divider
    5. 5.5Loading & equivalent resistance
  6. 06CourseDC-04Available now

    Nodal & mesh analysis

    1. 6.1Node-voltage analysis: foundations
    2. 6.2Multi-node systems & matrix form
    3. 6.3Supernodes & voltage sources
    4. 6.4Mesh-current analysis
    5. 6.5Supermeshes, method selection & verification
  7. 07CourseDC-05Available now

    Sources, superposition & linear network reasoning

    1. 7.1Independent ideal sources & source models
    2. 7.2Dependent & controlled sources
    3. 7.3Linearity & superposition
    4. 7.4Source transformations & terminal equivalence
    5. 7.5Multi-source synthesis & bridge to Thévenin/Norton
  8. 08CourseCT-01Available now

    Thévenin & Norton

    1. 8.1What a load really sees
    2. 8.2Extracting a Thévenin equivalent without fragile shortcuts
    3. 8.3Worked resistor networks
    4. 8.4The theorem on the laboratory bench
    5. 8.5Designing a source for a real load
    6. 8.6Norton equivalence and maximum power transfer
    7. 8.7Problems that test understanding rather than recall
    8. 8.8References, next measurements & later extensions
  9. 09CourseMS-01Available now

    DC electrical measurement

    1. 9.1DMM modes, connection & circuit interaction
    2. 9.2Voltage measurement, input resistance & loading
    3. 9.3Current measurement, shunts & burden voltage
    4. 9.4Resistance, continuity & electrical reference/grounding
    5. 9.5Accuracy, uncertainty & reproducible DC workflow
  10. 10CourseSG-01Available now

    Signals in time: DC, variable & sinusoidal quantities

    1. 10.1From a physical quantity to x(t): constant & time-varying signals
    2. 10.2Peak values, amplitude, offset & period
    3. 10.3Frequency, angular frequency & phase from time shifts
    4. 10.4Sinusoidal waveforms: from equation to engineering quantities
    5. 10.5From time plots to defensible signal descriptions
  11. 11CourseAC-01Available now

    Phasors, impedance & sinusoidal steady state

    1. 11.1Why phasors work for same-frequency sinusoids
    2. 11.2Complex amplitudes & AoN notation
    3. 11.3Deriving resistor, capacitor & inductor impedance
    4. 11.4Kirchhoff laws in sinusoidal steady state
    5. 11.5Solving sinusoidal networks
  12. 12CourseAC-02Available now

    Frequency response, transfer functions & Bode foundations

    1. 12.1From one-frequency AC solutions to frequency response
    2. 12.2Magnitude, phase & normalized frequency
    3. 12.3Poles, zeros & characteristic frequencies
    4. 12.4Bode magnitude & phase plots
    5. 12.5Bandwidth & first filter interpretations
  13. 13CourseMS-02Available now

    Oscilloscope, probes, generators & waveform measurement

    1. 13.1Oscilloscope channels, reference & grounding
    2. 13.2Passive probes, compensation & loading
    3. 13.3Triggering, acquisition & time base
    4. 13.4Function generators, amplitude conventions & source impedance
    5. 13.5Bandwidth, rise time & reproducible waveform measurement

Course details

  1. 01

    Charge, potential, voltage, current, energy & power

    What electrical charge is, how potential difference becomes voltage, what current measures, and how energy and power enter circuit reasoning before any network theorem.

    Prerequisites
    Algebra and basic physics
    Level
    Introductory
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Retrieval checks
    Open full syllabus
  2. 02

    Reference directions & electrical notation

    Voltage and current arrows, receiver/generator conventions, sign interpretation and the AoN DC/time/phasor notation system.

    Prerequisites
    EF-00
    Level
    Introductory
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Retrieval checks
    Open full syllabus
  3. 03

    Ohm’s law & resistive elements

    Resistance, conductance, linear I–V behaviour, power in a resistor and first one-loop calculations.

    Prerequisites
    EF-00, EF-01
    Level
    Introductory
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked examples + retrieval checks
    Open full syllabus
  4. 04

    Kirchhoff current & voltage laws

    Charge conservation at nodes and potential bookkeeping around loops, with explicit sign conventions, worked networks and model limits.

    Prerequisites
    DC-01
    Level
    Introductory
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked examples + retrieval checks
    Open full syllabus
  5. 05

    Series/parallel networks, dividers & equivalent resistance

    Derive series and parallel equivalents from Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law, then build divider formulas and understand loading limits.

    Prerequisites
    DC-02
    Level
    Introductory
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked examples + mastery problems
    Open full syllabus
  6. 06

    Nodal & mesh analysis

    Turn Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law into systematic node-voltage and mesh-current methods, with supernodes/supermeshes when needed.

    Prerequisites
    DC-02, DC-03
    Level
    Foundational
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked derivations + mastery problems
    Open full syllabus
  7. 07

    Sources, superposition & linear network reasoning

    Independent/dependent sources, source transformations, linearity, superposition and preparation for network equivalence theorems.

    Prerequisites
    DC-04
    Level
    Foundational
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked derivations + mastery problems
    Open full syllabus
  8. 08

    Thévenin & Norton

    Source/load models, terminal behaviour, extraction methods, measurement loading, source-resistance design and power transfer.

    Prerequisites
    Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff current/voltage laws, series/parallel resistors
    Level
    Foundational → intermediate
    Chapters
    8
    Practice
    E-001, E-002
    Open full syllabus
  9. 09

    DC electrical measurement

    DMM operation, source/input resistance, loading, grounding, uncertainty and reproducible DC measurements.

    Prerequisites
    DC-05, CT-01
    Level
    Foundational
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked examples + mastery exercises
    Open full syllabus
  10. 10

    Signals in time: DC, variable & sinusoidal quantities

    Time-domain quantities, waveforms, amplitude, offset, period, frequency, phase and disciplined notation from constant values to real sinusoidal signals.

    Prerequisites
    EF-01, MS-01, algebra
    Level
    Foundational
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked examples + mastery exercises
    Open full syllabus
  11. 11

    Phasors, impedance & sinusoidal steady state

    Complex amplitudes derived from real sinusoids, then impedance, admittance, phase relations and systematic sinusoidal-network solution.

    Prerequisites
    SG-01, EF-01, complex numbers
    Level
    Foundational → intermediate
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked derivations + mastery exercises
    Open full syllabus
  12. 12

    Frequency response, transfer functions & Bode foundations

    Complex input/output response versus frequency, then magnitude/phase, poles/zeros, Bode representation and bandwidth.

    Prerequisites
    AC-01
    Level
    Intermediate
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked derivations + mastery exercises
    Open full syllabus
  13. 13

    Oscilloscope, probes, generators & waveform measurement

    Electrical input/reference model, probes and loading, triggering/time base, source impedance, bandwidth/rise time and reproducible measurements.

    Prerequisites
    MS-01, SG-01, AC-01, AC-02
    Level
    Foundational → intermediate
    Chapters
    5
    Practice
    Worked derivations + measurement checklists
    Open full syllabus